What is battery voltage? I think we talk around the real definition so much we actually begin to believe that we understand what it means when in reality we do not. For my benefit as well as yours let us go back to the basics of what battery voltage really means and how the work it conducts inside your battery affects the other technical factors of your battery.

Italian physicist Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) grew up with a passion for electricity, though some might call it an obssesion. In 1775 he devised the electrophorus, a device that produced a static electric charge. In 1776-77 he studied the chemistry of gases, discovered methane, and devised experiments that would ignite gases by an electric spark in a closed vessel. In 1800 he developed the voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery, which produced a steady electric current.

The electric pile was a result of an experiment by Volta. The experiment created a make shift cell, a wine goblet filled with brine into which the two dissimilar electrodes were dipped, Volta then placed together several pairs of alternating copper (or silver) and zinc discs separated by cloth and soaked the cloth in brine (salt water) to increase conductivity, and the result was an electrical current. The electric pile ultimately replaced the goblets with cardboard soaked in brine. The number of cells, and thus the voltage the electric pile could produce, was limited by the pressure, and exerted by the upper cells that would squeeze all of the brine out of the cardboard of the bottom cell. The electric pile was the first electric battery.

In 1881 the electrical unit we know today, the volt, was named in Voltas honor.

From the first battery, mentioned above, we can derive a definition of voltage as:

Volts - or V - are an electrical measure of energy potential.

Voltage can also be thought of as the amount of "pressure" of electrons that pass from a negative connector to a positive connector. Or V can be defined as the measure of the strength of an electrical source of power for a given current level. Voltage can also be defined as Electrical Potential difference - a quantity in physics related to the amount of energy that would be required to move an object from one place to another against various types of force. In the fields of electronics the electrical potential difference is the amount of work per charge needed to move electric charge from the second point to the first, or equivalently, the amount of work that unit charge flowing from the first point to the second can perform.

Mathematically it is measured by V= I x R; where V=Voltage, I=Current, R=Resistance.

What also challenges many about battery voltage is that there does exist in a battery voltage four unique types of voltage measurements. Each voltage measurement type residing in a battery effects battery life to varying degrees.

Float Voltage is battery voltage at zero current (with battery disconnected).

Nominal Voltage is battery voltage range 3.7V, 5.2V, 10.2V, 12V etc that says that a voltage range exists depending on the number of cells in the battery. For example a 12 Volt battery is made of 6 cells and has a Float voltage of about 12V.

Charge Voltage - The voltage of a battery while charging.

Discharge Voltage - The voltage of a battery while discharging. Again, this voltage is determined by the charge state and the current flowing in the battery.

Dan Hagopian of Batteryship.com authored this article. http://www.Batteryship.com offers PDA Battery Replacement Kits with tools and instructions for iPod battery, iPAQ battery, Clie battery, Palm Battery, Axim battery, Treos, and Blackberries.

¶ 11:52 PM 0 comments

The Silky Terrier is a loving, energy dog. They are good watch dogs, although they can tend to be barkers. They can be kept in an apartment as they are small enough to get most of there exercise needs indoors. They are good with other dogs but must be extensively socialized with other pets. They do best with older children that they have been socialized with. The can tend to be a one person or one family dog. As a reminder, never leave a child unsupervised with a puppy or dog.

Approximate Adult Size

The approximate adult size (two years old or older) of the Silky Terrier is 9 to 10 inches to the withers (highest point of the shoulder) and 8 to 11 pounds.

Special Health Considerations

Most dog breeds have certain inherited health problems associated with that specific breed and the Silky Terrier is no exception. Although considered a very healthy breed, be on the look out for teeth problems, genetic eye disease and collapsing trachea. This disease list is an informative guideline only. Other diseases may also be significant threats, please contact your veterinarian for a complete list.

She should visit the veterinarian several times in the first year for shots, boosters and check up. Then, as an adult, she should visit the veterinarian yearly for shots and check up. As she gets older, six years and on, she should visit the veterinarian twice a year for check ups and shots. Remember; avoid feeding your dog sweets.

Grooming

The Silky Terrier has a single coat of fine silky hair. She should be brushed daily. Brushing will help her maintain a clean and healthy coat, avoid mats, help you keep a closer eye on her health and strengthen your emotional bond with her. Occasional professional grooming should be considered.

Her teeth should be brushed at least twice a week with toothpaste and toothbrush designed for dogs. Brushing removes the accumulation of plaque and tartar which can cause cavities (rarely) and periodontal disease. Dog periodontal disease can lead to pain, loss of teeth, bad breath and other serious disease.

Her toenails may need to be examined for growth and clipped regularly. The toenails of the rear feet grow slower than the toenails of the front feet.

Life Span

The Silky Terrier can live between 12 and 15 years with proper nutrition, medical care and excellent living conditions.

History

The Silky Terrier comes from Australia where they were used as a ratter, snake killer and pet. They were first registered by the American Kennel Association in 1959.

Some Registries

• Silky Terrier Club of America
  
• UKC United Kennel Club
  
• NKC National Kennel Club
  
• CKC Continental Kennel Club
  
• APRI Americas Pet Registry Inc.
  
• AKC American Kennel Club
  
• FCI Federation Cynologique Internationale
  
• NZKC New Zealand Kennel Club
  
• KCGB Kennel Club of Great Britain
  
• ANKC Australian National Kennel Club
  
• ACR American Canine Registry
  

3 to 5 Silky Terrier puppies

Category

Toy

Terms To Describe

Inquisitive, joy, alert, lively, responsive, quick, friendly, affectionate

SPECIAL GOOD POINTS

• Makes a good watch dog.
  
• Very little shedding.
  
• Easy to train and difficult to train.
  

• Makes a poor guard do.
  
• Can be a barker.
  
• May need a harness rather than a leash
  
• Possible collapsing trachea
  

Sidney Silky, Austrailian Silky Terrier

Every dog is an individual so not everything in this information may be correct for your dog. This information is meant as a good faith guideline only.

About the Author

Mitch Endick is a short article writer, editor and website developer for the popular pet site http://www.petpages.com, a pet information site with free pet ads, dog classifieds, and puppy for sale info. Petpages.com also offers information on cats, fish, reptiles, birds, ferrets, rabbits, mice and even pet bugs.

¶ 5:29 PM 0 comments

It seems that dinosaurs have recently acquired many new neighbors. At the beginning of the year, science journals announced that beetles lived during the dinosaur era. Recently, we learned that platypuses were also existent at that time. Now we can add modern birds to the list.

For a long time Darwinists have advised us to look at the bird feeder if we want to get a glimpse of latter-day dinosaurs. They believe that finches and woodpeckers are the descendants of the "terrible reptiles".

Evolutionists maintain that modern birds appeared "only" 60 million years ago or about five million years after the demise of the dinosaurs. But a recent study published in the journal BMC Biology refutes this view. A research team at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor led by graduate student Joseph Brown examined the rate of mutation with the help of the molecular clock. Mutations are basically copying mistakes that have a habit of accumulating in the genome of a species. Evolutionists believe that the clock is ticking at a reasonably uniform pace, and thus suppose that the amount of accumulated mutations helps to find out when certain species broke off from a common ancestor.

Brown and his colleagues concluded that modern birds already lived some 100 million years ago.

The use of the molecular clock involves many assumptions. For instance, the steady rate of the clock is based on the belief that mutations accumulate in different species at the same speed. However, according to chemist Dr. Jonathan Sarfati, observations have shown that the mutation rate is constant over a generation in an organism. Thus the clock cannot tick at the same speed for bacteria and elephants, for example. Brown actually suggested that if one assumes that the mutation rate is constant in different bird species this can lead the research astray.

Turning dinosaurs into birds would otherwise also be impossible. Changing scales into feathers would be an insurmountable hurdle. No one has been able to explain convincingly how it could have happened even in theory. For instance, Scientific American acknowledged in 2003 that it was time to discard old notions of feather evolution. Richard Prum and Alan Brush, the authors of the article, admitted that the evolution of feathers was problematic. But they nevertheless chose to believe that it was possible and had happened.

In real life, turning a dinosaur into a bird is an extremely flimsy idea since evolutionists themselves believe that Archaeopteryx, the "reptile bird" that was supposed to have lived already about 80 million years before the dinosaurs became extinct 65 million years ago. And Archaeopteryx had fully developed, aerodynamic feathers.

The recent study, which was also reported by National Geography News, suggests that at least in theory some researchers are willing to discard the outdated view that the finches at the nearest bird feeder are latter-day feathered dinosaurs.

Joel Kontinen is a translator and novelist currently living in Finland. His background includes an MA in translation studies and a BA in Bible and Theology. He likes to keep up-to-date on science news and often comments on creation/evolution and origins issues.

Blog: http://joelkontinen.blogspot.com/

¶ 11:06 AM 0 comments

Viper Boas are a wonderful species of snake to look at. They are very robust, with tough keeled scales and an arrow like head. They are usually a fairly dull brown, although can be a wonderful bright red or orange. They do however, change colour with seasons, temperature and perhaps mood changes. I have had wonderful orangey specimens turn a dark brown with time. Nearly all Viper Boas are wild caught, in fact, I have not heard of any successful breeder who has bred and reared these. Gravid (pregnant) females are often imported and have their young in captivity. However, most of these die within 6 months for little or no apparent reason. In time, we can hopefully learn more about this species and successfully reproduce it in captivity. Viper Boas are fairly calm snakes, but when handled incorrectly can swipe from side to side with lighting speed. Although they are non-venomous, they have quite a nasty bite. Adult females can reach 80cm; males are less than half the size.

Housing

When keeping any snake as a pet, you generally want to be able to view the snake from the outside of its enclosure, in the most natural surroundings you can offer. This will be more aesthetically pleasing and also aid in the general condition of the snake. If the snake likes its surroundings, it will have a better feeding response and generally grow quicker. A larger vivarium also offers more interest to the snakes life, and by adding branches and other natural products you will enhance the quality of life the snake has, and stop it from becoming lethargic and overweight. Also, being stronger it should have more of a resistance to any viral infections or any other problems that it may encounter later in life.

For an adult Viper Boa, a vivarium 60cm Length x 45cm Width x 45cm Height is ample. This is a timid species; many specimens when bought into captivity can go for many months without feeding. It is important that this transitional period is as stress-free as possible. A small, confined enclosure with no added lighting, away from human traffic may be needed. Once the boa is feeding on a regular basis, a larger vivarium with lighting may be offered.

Snake enclosures can be made from a number of materials. Most commonly used is a melamine coated wood which covers all sides except the front, which has glass sliding doors. Aquariums can also be used for Viper Boas, although a specialist lid should be bought or made rather than the original aquarium lid. It is essential when thinking about what type of enclosure you use, you think about these 6 SSSHHH factors:

1) Safety Can the snake or owner injure itself from the enclosure or any appliances held within?
2) Secure Can the snake escape through any small hole or cavity?
3) Size Will the enclosure be appropriately sized?
4) Heating Is the enclosure able to regulate the temperature properly?
5) Humidity Will the enclosure last well in humid conditions? Is there enough ventilation for the moisture to escape?
6) Hygienic Will the enclosure build up a lot of bacteria in small cavities? Is it easy to clean?

By following the steps above, you can have a suitable enclosure made from a variety of materials.

Dcor

Dcor in your tank serves two purposes. First being extra cover for your snake and second, allowing for a more natural and pleasing appearance. When choosing dcor, think about the safety of the snake. Make sure that whatever you decide to use, it is securely fixed and that no rocks, wood or anything heavy can fall and possibly injure, or even kill the snake. You must also make sure that everything used is parasite free. If anything has been picked up from outside, or has originally come from outside, such as cork bark, you should either boil it, or place the item in the oven at 200 degrees Fahrenheit for approximately 30 minutes. Freezing works for some parasites, however others have been known to survive months in freezing conditions. Some parasites found in English conditions last winters in minus temperatures, so it is not entirely effective.

Once all your dcor is parasite free, it is then safe to place inside your enclosure. As a general rule, if you can put pressure on an item to knock it down, a Viper Boa is certainly capable of doing so. When positioning rocks or heavy objects, make sure they are completely secure. If it is still uneasy, screw them or use superglue to fix them securely. If it is not possible, the rule is simple: Do not place the item in the vivarium!

If you decide to go for a larger enclosure, you must provide plenty of cover and hiding areas. A hiding place can be anything from a tupperware box with a hole cut out to a naturalistic piece of cork bark. There are many brands of fake plants and dcor you can use which is both safe for the animal and pleasing to the eye. Cork bark is available from almost any reptile pet shop in the UK, and can be ordered in if they do not have it in stock. This is excellent cover for any reptile and is 100% natural. One thing you must consider when thinking about the size of the vivarium, is the bigger you go, the more hiding areas you must provide. I recommend at least one hiding place per foot in length of the enclosure.

NOTE: Never use sticky tape in an enclosure; this is an accident waiting to happen. Believe me; removing sticky tape from any snake is no easy task!

Heating

Viper Boas are found on dense forest floors and are exposed to a fairly constant air temperature. They do not bask in the sun and so it is not as important to provide them with a dedicated hot spot. Instead, having a fairly constant air temperature of 85-90F during the day and 80-85F during the night is fine. A large water bowl should be offered for the snake to fully submerge if required. If your viper boa does this constantly, the vivarium is most probably too hot and should be cooled down slightly.

In my opinion, the ideal way of heating a Viper Boas enclosure is to use a power plate. This is a small thin square plate, about 25mm thick which is screwed into the top of the vivarium. It does not need to be protected, as there is no way a snake can grip onto it. It is almost invisible to the eye as it simply sits on the ceiling of the vivarium. The only brand available in the UK is HabiStat Reptile Radiator; it is 75 Watts and is sufficient for any vivarium up to 4ft long and possibly larger. It produces no light and therefore in a vivarium you will need a form of lighting as well. A power plate should be used in conjunction with a HabiStat Pulse Proportional Thermostat, which will stop the power reaching the power plate as soon as the temperature goes above the setting, and turn back on as soon as it is too cool. This is one of the most accurate thermostats on the market today.

Ceramic heaters, spot bulbs and heat mats are also ways of heating a vivarium. These all have their advantages and disadvantages, but in my opinion, none quite weigh out to be as good as a power plate.

Lighting

Viper Boas are primarily nocturnal, meaning they venture out in the dark of night. This is when their main predators are sleeping, and their prey is awake. Lighting for this species is not important. However, having artificial light in a vivarium is aesthetically pleasing to the owner, and is a good addition to a snakes enclosure. They will use this as a photo-period, and their regular time clock will generally adjust to the settings on which you have your light set to.

They do not require any form of special lighting, such as a D3 Ultra-Violet light commonly used for diurnal species. An Arcadia Natural Sunlight Fluorescent Lamp is a good form of lighting. This comes in lengths of 12 up to 48 and I suggest you use the largest size able to fit inside your vivarium.

Humidity

Viper Boas occur over much of New Guinea and surrounding Islands and therefore are exposed to a high humidity. This should be replicated in captivity to aid to the general health and well-being of your snake. A 80-90% humidity range will allow to snake to slough its skin properly and become less prone to any problems such as respiratory infections.

Feeding

Juveniles or males should be offered fuzzy or small mice, and as they grow the mice or rats should become larger. An adult female viper boa should be fed on weaner rats. One of these every 2 weeks is ample. An adult male may take fuzzy rats or large mice. Juveniles should be fed on a regular basis, every 7 days is ideal. Their metabolic rate is higher than adults and as they are growing, they need a lot more food to keep them going. Viper Boas have a low metabolism compared to many snakes, they move very little and do not require the same quantity of food that many other species do. Snakes have the capability of building up a huge fat reserve, and become obese very easily. Taking the weight off however, is a much more difficult task. Obese snakes will not live nearly the length as a healthy snake would due to liver and kidney problems. If you are unsure about your snakes weight, check with a reptile veterinarian.

By Chris Jones
Director of Pet Club UK Ltd.
http://www.petclubuk.com

¶ 9:34 AM 0 comments

When you receive the Seal you will believe in the biblical accounts of history. Much of the history of the Bible has been proven by archaeological digs, and a recent dig has uncovered another fortress of Herod the Great.

Herod the Great is the king infamous for killing all the male children in Bethlehem. The three wise men came from the East seeking the Christ-child. When Herod heard this child was to be born in Bethlehem, he ordered all those children slain.

Herod was a power-mad king. The historian Josephus adds many more stories of his carnage. He even killed two of his own sons since they could be heirs to his throne.

He would not tolerate anyone who might usurp his power. Not even his own children. And many other acts of cruelty like these done by Herod were recorded. You can see how he would slaughter the innocent infants of Bethlehem.

Herod the Great was born sometime close to 73 BC. His father Antipater the Idumean was poisoned and Herod had to execute his killer with the support of the Romans.

Herod was married to Doris and had a young son when he decided to marry his niece Mariamne. He exiled Doris but in a typical act of brutality he executed Mariamne along with his two sons.

The first great temple in Jerusalem was Solomon's Temple. That was destroyed when the Bablylonians came and took Jerusalem captive. Herod built the great Second Temple.

Herod was not considered a true Jewish person by the religious authorities of his day but he was always famous for building the Second Temple, or Herod's Temple.

The Second Temple was the great temple of Jerusalem in the days of Jesus. It was the temple Jesus spoke of when he said that not one stone would be found upon another, but the whole would be ruined.

And the Second Temple was destroyed in 70 AD. It happened when the Jewish people came to strife with the Romans during the Great Jewish Revolt. But when the temple was destroyed the revolt also ended.

A recent archaeological dig has uncovered another great fortress built by Herod, this one high in the mountains in the East Jordan. The architecture is similar to that of the Alexandreion built by Herod in the West Jordan.

So this new building is believed to be built by Herod. Herod reigned over the West Jordan. But this new building shows that he also established his presence in the East Jordan.

He would have been able to control the traffic in the Middle Jordan Valley and that was how he could control the ways to get to and from the East Jordan from the West.

The building was a military outpost, a "casemate" which means it had walls fortified through which weapons could be fired. It was a strategic position establishing the presence of Herod in the East, in the outer reaches of his kingdom.

When you are sealed you will begin to see new wonders of the Bible. Some of these new wonders are yet to be confirmed in digs under the earth. These are treasures proving the history as far as it can be proven from remaining evidence.

When you are sealed God plants a little garden in you. So as that garden you are just like a little earth, and inside you are hidden all the treasures found in the pages of the Bible. You can begin to dig up those treasures when you receive the Seal.

And now Jason invites you to get your FREE report Are You Making These Mistakes as a Christian?
And "Get God's Seal of Approval and Get the Victory Over Evil"Jason Witt

¶ 3:13 AM 0 comments